World of Map

If Christopher Columbus had never stray into the Bahamas archipelago east Cuba in 1492, the possibility of a weaver's son from Genoa  will not be famous as the discoverer of the Americas. Though it was just a coincidence. Actually, he meant to the Indian, who was then the intention is India, China, the Netherlands and Japan. He sailed to the West while the sailors and merchants sailed to Europe when the East was to reach the place. Columbus was not intended to prove that the earth is round, as most people believe. Columbus just want to take a shortcut to the Indies, but he never got there. Because, Columbus still rely on homemade map of Claudius Ptolemy, a famous cartographer of Greece in the third century BC. Though the map is incorrect estimate the magnitude of the earth and the width of the Atlantic. It is appreciated that the types of errors that occur. That the land in Java, is described as a sphere by Sebastian Munster. However, do not be taken lightly other works. Even with simple equipment Cartography German expert was able to present a map of Africa in 1540 whose shape is similar to the African continent as we see on the map now. Development of map making (cartography) could not be separated from the development of science and technology. After the rediscovery of a book written by Claudius Ptolemy's Geography's, growth engraved printing techniques and also techniques cruise around the discovery in 1500, experienced the Enlightenment cartography. This is evidenced by the birth of a map of the works Gerhardus Mercator, the first modern atlas homemade Araham Ortelius in 1570, and a map of the decorative work of the 17th century Saason.
Dutch authorities who pioneered the mapping activities in Indonesia. The lines almost the entire coast of the Indonesian island is pertain from the sea with their ships. Later, the Dutch also perform measurements on the ground to create a topographic map. After the Dutch lift the foot from Indonesia works was followed by the Indonesian government, in this case the Bureau of Topography is now known as the Army Topographic Directorate. To be able to describe the appearance of the earth's surface such as coastlines, the road twists and turns, winding rivers, lakes, rice fields, and so on required network reference points or control points on the ground. This point is determined by the network triangulation method with the intention of any mutually known reference point position from each other by distance, direction and height differences. Distance, direction and height difference is measured using a theodolite.
The officers in the Dutch must ride down the mountain especially when setting the primary control point. The primary point is deliberately placed at the top of the mountain in order to reach long distances and at the time of measurement is not derailing view. From the primary point later determined also secondary control points within about 25 miles. So from the point specified secondary tertiary point is about 10 miles and a quarter point distance of about 0.5 - 1 km. Any sightings in the earth's surface to be mapped measured one at a time from the point of reference. Based on this point projection lines drawn. Measurement results was then transferred into a manuscript map with a certain scale according to its own needs. Here then cartographical work begins. Manuscript map trimmed. Data such as the name of a river, or the city is written in it, as well as the location of important places. City and mountain depicted with certain symbols that have been agreed in cartography.
When the emerging technology of photogrammetry (aerial photo above measurement techniques) that started to develop since the mid-18th century, the process of making the map as a whole is becoming increasingly fast and easy. People no longer take measurements directly in the ground, but aerial photographs over the area to be mapped. When the Dutch first set of control points with triangulation method, is now positioning control or points coordinate  it could detemined  with the help of satellite navigation. For mapping global scale, people rely on photographs or satellite imagery that is captured is done via satellite resources (land Satellite). The area of the earth's surface that can be covered by satellite my source is an area of 185 x 185 km square. While extensive aerial photographic coverage only about 12.5 x 12.5, sq. km.
Survey through the air and space is high accuracy rate, faster and more efficient.

Now the map is not only presented in the form of sheets of paper, but more likely to be shown via a computer with a digitizing system. So the future involves satellite mapping resources for data collection and image recording surface of the Earth, the satellite navigation to determine position and control points for prosessing  computer data and presenting information in the form of a map. Data processing and presentation of information through a computer is known as Geographical Information System. GIS has been developed for the purpose of air navigation, sea and land as well.